دانلود کتاب Gordis Epidemiology 7th Edition

فهرست مطالب کتاب Gordis Epidemiology 7th Edition – (کتاب اپیدمیولوژی گوردیس ویرایش هفتم – 2025):

SECTION I. The Epidemiologic Approach to Disease and Intervention
Introduction
1. Introduction
What is epidemiology?
Objectives of epidemiology
Epidemiology and prevention
Epidemiology and clinical practice
Epidemiologic approach
From observations to preventive actions
When the frequency of a disease declines, who deserves the credit?
Integrating prevention and treatment
Conclusion
References
2. The dynamics of disease transmission
Modes of transmission
Clinical and subclinical disease
Carrier status
Endemic, epidemic, and pandemic
Disease outbreaks
Immunity and susceptibility
Herd immunity
Incubation period
Attack rate
Exploring occurrence of disease
Outbreak investigation
Conclusion
Review questions for chapter 2
References
3. The occurrence of disease: I. Disease surveillance and measures of morbidity
Surveillance
Stages of disease in an individual and in a population
Measures of morbidity
Conclusion
Review questions for chapter 3
References
4. The occurrence of disease: II. Mortality and other measures of disease impact
Measures of mortality
Comparing mortality in different populations
Other measures of the impact of disease
Conclusion
Review questions for chapter 4
References
5. Assessing the validity and reliability of diagnostic and screening tests
Biologic variation of human populations
Validity of screening tests
Use of multiple tests
Predictive value of a test
Reliability (repeatability) of tests
Relationship between validity and reliability
Conclusion
Appendices to chapter 5
Review questions for chapter 5
References
6. The natural history of disease: Ways of expressing prognosis
Case-fatality
Person-years
Five-year survival
Observed survival
The kaplan-meier method
Assumptions made in using life tables and kaplan-meier method
Apparent effects on prognosis of improvements in diagnosis
Median survival time
Relative survival
Generalizability of survival data
Conclusion
Review questions for chapter 6
References
SECTION II. Using Epidemiology to Identify the Cause of Disease
7. Observational studies
Case reports and case series
Ecologic studies
Cross-sectional studies
Case-control studies
Conclusion
Review questions for chapter 7
References
8. Cohort studies
Design of a cohort study
Selection of study populations
Types of cohort studies
Examples of cohort studies
Cohort studies for investigating childhood health and disease
Potential biases in cohort studies
When is a cohort study warranted?
Case-control studies based within a defined cohort
Conclusion
Review questions for chapter 8
References
9. Comparing cohort and case-control studies
10. Assessing preventive and therapeutic interventions: Randomized trials
Selection of subjects
Allocating subjects to treatment groups without randomization
Allocating subjects using randomization
Data collection on subjects
Crossover
Factorial design
Noncompliance
Conclusion
Review questions for chapters 10 and 11 are at the end of chapter 11.
References
11. Randomized trials: Some further issues
Sample size
Recruitment and retention of study participants
Ways of expressing the results of randomized trials
Interpreting the results of randomized trials
Four phases in testing new drugs in the United States
Three major randomized trials and clinical development programs in the United States
Registration of clinical trials
Ethical considerations
Systematic reviews and meta-analysis
Conclusion
Epilogue
Review questions for chapters 10 and 11
References
12. Estimating risk: Is there an association?
Absolute risk
How do we determine whether a certain disease is associated with a certain exposure?
Relative risk
Odds ratio (relative odds)
Conclusion
Review questions for chapter 12
Appendix to chapter 12
References
13. More on risk: Estimating the potential for prevention
Attributable risk
Comparison of relative risk and attributable risk
Conclusion
Review questions for chapter 13
Appendix to chapter 13: Levin’s formula for the attributable risk for the total population
References
14. From association to causation: Deriving inferences from epidemiologic studies
Approaches for studying disease etiology
Types of associations
Types of causal relationships
Evidence for a causal relationship
Guidelines for judging whether an observed association is causal
Deriving causal inferences: Two examples
Modifications of the guidelines for causal inferences
Conclusion
Review questions for chapter 14
References
15. More on causal inference: Bias, confounding, and interaction
Bias
Confounding
Interaction
Conclusion
Review questions for chapter 15
References
16. Identifying the roles of genetic and environmental factors in disease causation
Traditional genetics
Complex diseases
Time trends in disease incidence
How genetic markers are used to map genes controlling risk to diseases, including complex diseases
Race and ancestry in genetic association studies
Interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors
Precision medicine
Prospects for the future
Conclusion
Review questions for chapter 16
References
SECTION III. Applying Epidemiology to Evaluation and Policy
17. Using epidemiology to evaluate health services
Studies of process and outcome
Efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency
Measures of outcome
Comparing epidemiologic studies of disease etiology and epidemiologic research evaluating effectiveness of health services
Evaluation using group data
Evaluation using individual data
Conclusion
Review questions for chapter 17
References
18. Epidemiologic approach to evaluating screening programs
Natural history of disease
Pattern of disease progression
Methodologic issues
Study designs for evaluating screening: Nonrandomized and randomized studies
Problems in assessing the sensitivity and specificity of screening tests
Interpreting study results that show no benefit of screening
Cost-benefit analysis of screening
Conclusion
Review questions for chapter 18
References
19. Epidemiology and public policy
Epidemiology and prevention
Population approaches versus high-risk approaches to prevention
Epidemiology and clinical medicine: Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women
Epidemiology and regulatory decisions: Anemia treatment in patients with chronic kidney disease
Epidemiology and public health policy
Risk assessment
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Publication bias
Epidemiology in the courts
Sources and impact of uncertainty
Policy issues regarding risk: What should the objectives be?
Conclusion
References
20. Ethical and professional issues in epidemiology
Ethical issues in epidemiology
Investigators’ obligations to study subjects
Protecting privacy and confidentiality
Access to data
Race and ethnicity in epidemiologic studies
Conflict of interest
Interpreting findings
Conclusion
References
Answers
Index
Gordis Epidemiology 6e
Review question answers for ebooks